Plastic Surgery Is Becoming More Popular Every Year Essay

Plastic surgery is defined as the process of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body, especially by the transfer of tissue, either in the treatment of injury or for cosmetic reasons. With appearance becoming the number one factor in today’s society, plastic surgery is becoming more popular every year. Some may call it the â€Å"Kardashian Effect† or â€Å"Selfie Mania,† either way, social media and celebrities, have greatly influenced cosmetic procedures (â€Å"Statistics,† 2016). With this high social standard, many people are afraid of being judged by others, and resort to cosmetic surgery to fix their â€Å"imperfections.† The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) (2016), issued its annual plastic surgery procedural statistics, reporting that â€Å"15.6 million cosmetic procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States in 2014, an increase of 3 percent since 2013.† Plastic surgery dates back to ancient times, when the treatment of fractures of the facial bones, deformities caused by war, and unfortunate incidents were the strong suits of Egyptian physicians (â€Å"Plastic and Maxillofacial,† 2006). Unfortunately, until the first world war, very few advancements were made or used in the area of plastic surgery in the United States. Therefore, all persons that were born malformed or had experienced traumatic injuries since the times of Egyptian physicians were given very little odds of fixing their abnormalities. According to PlasticShow MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractive? PeopleRead MorePlastic Surgery1364 Words   |  6 PagesPlastikos â€Å"Despite the popular misconception, the word ‘plastic’ in ‘plastic surgery’ does not mean ‘artificial,’ but is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘plastikos,’ which means to mold or give form† (Schnur and Hait). What was once used to help reconstruct the faces and bodies of wounded soldiers is now used to aesthetically create new faces and bodies around the world. The motive for surgery is changing. Statistics show that plastic surgery is becoming increasingly more popular among men, women,Read MoreBeauty Is No Longer A Personal Matter1202 Words   |  5 Pagesappearances through surgeries, and some even become obsessed with the thought of beauty that they go through numerous surgeries in attempt to achieve the â€Å"perfect look.† These obsessive thoughts with regards to beauty can be explained through the interactionist perspective, in which shared meanings are established through the social interactions betwe en individuals within a society. Beauty is no longer a personal matter, indeed it has become a form of judgment by other people. Every day, people are judgedRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery1389 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery in today’s medical world Plastic surgery can be defined as the specialty in the medical field that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. Plastic surgery can be separated into two groups: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. The thesis of this essay is to examine these two types of surgery and to examine the effect that it has on today’s medical world, and what causes people to seek plastic surgery. Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacialRead MoreSelf Improvement Is Achieved Through Cosmetic Surgery1641 Words   |  7 Pageshas led many women in America to believe self-improvement is achieved through cosmetic surgery. Every year thousands of women go under the knife to make themselves the picture perfect American. As years go by, the amount of people getting plastic is steadily increasing. In the year 2007 there were approximately 12 million cosmetic surgeries performed in the United States alone. The number of people receiving surgery increased 59% since 2000 (Markey, Charolette, and Patrick Markey, 5). Media influencesRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic Surgery and Its Types Surgical specialties are known as an important part of medicine. There are many surgical specialties, and every specialty focuses on a specific system of the body. One of these specialties is plastic surgery. Plastic surgery is one of the most important specialties that focuses in appearance improvement, and it has two separate types which have some similarities in master programs, concepts, and procedures. On the other hand, they have some difference in procedureRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : The Risk Of Enhancing Beauty1328 Words   |  6 Pages Bascom 1 Gerniva Bascom English 1101-105 Mrs. Karen M. Holley 28 October 2014 Cosmetic surgery : The Risk of Enhancing Beauty Cosmetic Surgery has become popular over the years due to the advertisement of celebrities who embrace their surgery to refine their beauty. For example, an article by Anthony Elliot, he labels cosmetic surgery as Drastic plastic: The rise of cosmetic surgical culture; Celebrity obsession: Fame, fortune and faking it; Want-now consumerism:Read MorePlastic Surgery Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic Surgery Most of us dont like some aspect of our appearance, whether its sagging eyes or excess weight in particular areas, to name a few complaints. Lately a record numbers of Americans are doing something about it by having plastic surgery. Since 1995, the number of cosmetic procedures, which range from liposuction to facelifts, has almost tripled (English 23). Is that a healthy choice-or a dangerous trend? Aging has become the field of the future for plastic surgeons whose patientsRead More The Truth about Cosmetic Surgery Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth about Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery has become one of the most popular trends in America today. Whether you are reading a magazine, watching the news, or a television program, you are likely to see something about cosmetic surgery. Within the past year, there have been several television programs dedicated to people â€Å"bettering† themselves through body augmenting surgeries. Millions of people undergo risky surgery every year simply to improve or enhance a feature or body part.Read MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery On South Korea1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Kingdom of Plastic† is a fitting name for South Korea where one out of five women have admitted to having some sort of cosmetic surgery procedure. Most Asian countries, including South Korea, have very specific criterias for judging if a person is beautiful. Common beauty expectations for both males and females are high noses, big eyes, and narrow chins. Due to the nature of an Asian bone structure, it is highly unlikely that t he previously mentioned beauty standards will occur naturally within

The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk Free Essays

string(70) " all African female parents contain DDT residues in their breastmilk\." The effects of assorted DDT residue degrees found in babies via chest milk sing their overall wellness hazard and safety, for malarial bar in developing states. Malaria is known to be a dangerous disease transmitted to people via bites of septic mosquitoes, and besides really common in insanitary environments. For malarial bar, a relentless insect powder called DDT was used worldwide as a inexpensive and effectual agencies of vector control ( Walter et. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Al, 2005 ) . An acceptable sum of DDT is by and large non toxic to worlds, but it was banned in 2001, chiefly for ecological grounds ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . Some researches have shown that exposure of DDT at needful sums for malarial control, can do pre-term birth and early ablactation in in order to cut down infant mortality from malaria ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . As Indoor Residual Spraying ( IRS ) of insect powders tends to be the lone feasible option to eliminate malaria in certain states, an exposure to occupants and babies which is of higher hazard, is difficult to forestall ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) .This exposure of DDT to babies was through chest milk which in some instances found exceeds the acceptable consumption degrees, thereby potentially consequences to infant mortality ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . With appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , safety and hazards of these chemicals was taken into history for tolerable and acceptable steps ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . Assorted surveies have shown that the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degrees of consumption induces inauspicious effects on babies, which have been convincingly proven to be a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ; Bouwamn et al. , 2009 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . It is during the chest eating period that any baby may be exposed to the highest lifetime concentration of insect powders, hence pregnant and/or female parents, babies and yearlings are largely prone to wellness hazard in developing states with high malarial infection rates ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) .This paper will concentrate on DDT residue degrees found in human breastmilk from malaria infected countries such as South Africa and Brazil, and placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand. The end was to analyze the exposure and consumption of DDT residue degrees by babies in chest milk associated with hormone and neurological effects Methods Participants Harmonizing to the research survey done by Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) , a sum of 152 female parents successfully donated at clinics situated in Ubombo and Ngwavuma territories of the Northern parts of the Kwazulu-Natal Province of South Africa. However, merely around 10 female parents from Mkuze did non take part. None of them had any inadvertent exposure to pesticides, except for working on farm lands or through malarial control. Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) mentioned that the cognition known by these female parents sing pesticide usage and safety was limited. There were no important differences ( P lt ; 0.05 ) for maternal age, between para I and multiparae ages in the three towns ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . Besides, there were no important differences between the ages of the babies of these female parents, and degrees of milk fat between any of the groups ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . In another survey made by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) at Medeira River basin in Brazil, they have collected a sum of 69 different breastmilk samples. These samples were collected through broad oral cavity flasks and stored in deep-freeze for farther analysis. Similar nutrient diets were taken by these female parents, chiefly based on cassava flour, some fruits, and majorly fish ingestion ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ) . Notably, Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that fish ingestion was a chief beginning of DDT to worlds, due to taint and exposure of DDT on fishes. In add-on, they assessed that there were no pesticide usage in Amazonian agribusiness, and no female parent was prior exposed to DDT. Last, from the survey tested by Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) on Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane degrees through placental transportation from female parent to infant in Chiang Dao ( Thailand ) , a sum of 88 pregnant adult females who had normal bringing and full term gestation were taken as the studied topics. Hence, sum of 88 cord and maternal serum samples were examined utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . Materials and Procedure All surveies followed similar process in sample aggregation, analysis and statistical comparings. The aggregation of milk samples were put manually into glass beakers ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However, Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) collected 10 milliliter of maternal blood extracted by venipuncture about 2 to 5 hours prior to being sent to bringing room, and 12 milliliter of cord blood taken after bringing. The milk samples were so put under stop deading procedure and stored until analysis. After deicing the milk samples, analysis measure was assessed. Here, deproteinised was done by utilizing 30 mL propanone and extracted with n-hexane in African samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However in Brazil samples, homogenisation was done by hot bath at 37Â °C anterior to analysis, and deproteinization procedure occurred utilizing 10 mL propanone and extraction with 10 milliliters n-hexane ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ) . On all three surveies, DDT residues found were analyzed utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . DDT compounds were categorized in 5 constituents such asP, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) ethene ) ,P, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,P, P-DDD ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,O, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( p-chlorophynyl ) ethene ) , andO, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( pchlorophynyl ) C2H6 ) ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ; Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . Quality control method specifically method-detection bounds was so completed for analyses on chromatograms and standard divergence between group samples to detect any significances. Finally statistical comparings were laid out between sample groups to find any significance on degrees of DDT found in breastmilk and mother-infant blood samples. Consequences Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) yielded consequences from samples that indicate all African female parents contain DDT residues in their breastmilk. You read "The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk" in category "Essay examples" Specifically, the metabolite nowadays in all these DDT compound found in the breastmilk samples wasP, P-DDE. All female parents had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDT, except for 2 from para I group signifier Mkuze, but non all of them had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDD. The degrees of O, P-DDT, DDE, and DDD were lower than the P, P degrees, which was expected. Overall, the entire DDT per centum obtained was highest in Jozini multiparae ( 42.65 % ) compared to Mkuze para I which had low Numberss due to really few participants accounted at that place. Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) found that all samples contained DDT taint, as evident from the figure below. The DDT metabolites ranged from 25.4 to 9361.9 nanograms of entire DDT/g lipoid, with a median of 369.6 nanograms of entire DDT/g of lipid and 8.7 of estimated day-to-day consumption ( EDI ) of entire DDT exceeded the acceptable day-to-day consumption by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The highest value of DDT observed was 9361.9 nanogram, taken from a primapara female parent of 27 old ages of age. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.001.jpg"Note. This is where the writers show that all samples collected in Madeira River ( Brazil ) contain DDT, runing from 25.4-9361.9 nanogram of entire DDT/g lipoid. Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) has besides shown that all cord and maternal blood samples extracted contain DDT compounds. This can be shown from the tabular array 1 below, majorly bespeaking thatP, P-DDE compound were found in all cord and maternal samples andP, P-DDT in about every cord and all maternal samples. Overall, there were highest degrees ofP, P-DDE, followed by 2nd and 3rd highest degrees detected wereP, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. In footings of correlativity coefficients analyses between DDT compounds in cord and maternal blood samples shown at table 2 below, important differences were observed. The ratios calculated ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT were less than 1, thereby meaning high correlativity coefficients. Whereas, the ratio for O, P-DDE was higher than 1, meaning low correlativity coefficients, and in conclusion the ratio forO, P-DDT was gt ; 0.05 P rendering it non-significant for analysis. Therefore, acocording to Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) , the analysis of correlativity coefficients between DDT compounds in cord and maternal samples showed the ability of DDT chemicals to be transmitted from female parents to foetuss via placenta with respects to metabolic rate alteration, blood flow and lipid content of mother-infant. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.002.png"/ Note 1.The writers show concentrate on marked % DDT detected on DDT compounds highest to lowest such asP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. Note 2.For the ratios ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT lower than 1 show high correlativity coefficients, whileO, P-DDT compound show opposite consequences andO, P-DDE as non-significant. Review/Discussion All research surveies mentioned above yielded the presence of DDT compound found in the samples. Despite the forbiddance of DDT usage in agricultural activities and malarial control plan, DDT win an ability to prevail in environments for long periods of clip, the exposure and taint of the chemical is inevitable, and notably can be transmitted through nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . DDT degrees found in breastmilk from Brazilian female parents, indicated that the chemical was transmitted from their fish diet, as suggested by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) . Consumption of fish is considered a good beginning of DDT and other pesticides. The presence of DDT in the fishes in Brazilian Amazon can be accounted due to malarial vector control used in those countries. Babies are high hazard to malarial transmittal, and there are factors that have to be considered to minimise the inauspicious effects on their wellness. The chief factor would be the usage of malaria control at chemical degrees transcending acceptable sums. As evident in the tabular array below, utilizing the appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degree consumptions found in chest milk samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Therefore these transcending degrees of DDT will bring on inauspicious effects on babies, convincingly proven a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Walter et al. , 2005 ) . Toxicological grounds shows endocrine upsets on unsafe high sums of DDT exposure, this can be shown in the drumhead chart below. Malaria remains to be a hard job to eliminate with no side effects. Although Indoor residuary crop-dusting ( IRS ) could be effectual, the method is improbable to raise the full malaria mortality in babies and kids. DDT spraying induces addition in pre-term births, early-weaning and besides chiefly affects the female parents as bearers to convey DDT to their foetus, babies via nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . The effects such as lessening in musculus, neurological defects, delayed pubescence, behavioral defects and generative defects possibly contributed as wellness menaces to babies when exposed to high degrees of DDT via breastmilk ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.003.jpg"/ Note.The writers by and large show that entire DDT collected from breastmilk samples exceeds the acceptable consumption bound. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.004.jpg"/ Note.This is a sum-up of the hurtful wellness hazards contributed by DDT compounds, with relation to babies. Conclusion/ Future positions It is safe to reason that babies under malarial control conditions are however exposed to chemical combinations particularly DDT, that would hold inauspicious effects if the consumptions were high plenty, likely to be above acceptable consumptions suggested by WHO. DDT is non precisely unsafe if the usage of it follows proper wellness policies that is much below the maximal consumption, yet can still continue the bound to command malaria. Breastfeeding is a good illustration of DDT residue scrutiny from female parent to infant, to demo that transmittal is really critical and usage of DDT should be maintained at a certain bound that will decrease wellness hazards of dwellers. However, a possible note to be considered in future surveies will be the opposition to DDT chemical of septic mosquitoes, and how they can come upon happening better methods alternatively of increasing the DDT sum sprayed. An improved practical attack and effectual usage of chemicals to forestall deceases and inf ant wellness hazard should be farther implemented. The add-on of infant wellness and exposure of DDT through breastmilk to WHOPES safety consideration, IRS chemicals safety and guidelines and possible hazard decrease methods should be farther studied and improved if possible ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Plants Cited Azerado, A. , Torres, J. P. , De Freitas Fonseca, M. , Britto, J. , Bastos, W. , Silva, C. E. , . . . Malm, O. ( 2008 ) . DDT and its metabolites in chest milk from Madeira River basin in the Amazon, Brazil.Chemosphere, 73, S246-S251. Bouwman, H. , A ; Kylin, H. ( 2009 ) .Malaria Control Insecticide Residues in Breast Milk: The Need to See Infant Health Risks.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from ProQuest: hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/espm/docview/222658845/fulltext/698CF9ABCB774376PQ/1? accountid=14771 Bouwman, H. , Sereda, B. , A ; Meinhardt, H. M. ( 2006 ) .Coincident presence of DDT and pyrethroid residues in human chest milk from a malaria endemic country in South Africa.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from University of Toronto Libraries: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals2.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/02697491/v144i0003/902_spodapmeaisa.xml Rogan, W. J. , A ; Chen, A. ( 2005 ) . Health hazards and benefits of Bi ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -1,1,1-trichloroethane ( DDT ) .Environmental Sciences amd Pollution Management, 366, 763-770. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com Sapbamrer, R. , Prapamontol, T. , Prakobvitayakit, O. , Vaneesorn, Y. , Manklabruks, A. , A ; Hock, B. ( 2008 ) . Placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand.Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 484-489. 1 How to cite The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk, Essay examples

Cell Biology and Chemistry

Question: Describe the movement of substances across the cell membrane by diffusion, osmosis, active transport and phagocytosis. Explain how the exchange of materials across the cell membrane is related to its structure. Use the concept of water potential to explain the movement of water between cells and their environment. Answer: Introduction The cell membrane, which is also called ctyoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane, acts as a barrier between the cell contents and the outside environment (Figueroa et al., 2013). The basic structure of a cell membrane is a bi-layer of phospholipid with protein molecules embedded in it. The phospholipid layers provide a good barrier between two aqueous compartments and the embedded proteins conducts some specific functions of cell membrane including transportation of molecules. This membrane is selectively permeable so that it can control what goes inside and comes out of the cell. A selectively permeable membrane is a type of membrane that allows some particular ions or molecules to go across it. The transportation of the molecules either can take place by active transport, which requires the expenditure of cell energy or by no expenditure of cellular energy that is passive transport (Stein, 2012). The cell membrane can also stop the passing of materials according to the condition of the cell or of the environment. Description of the processes The main processes involved in transportation across cell membrane are - Diffusion: It is a spontaneous process driven by the difference in a concentration gradient; that is the molecules of a fluid or gas moves from a higher to lower concentration region, and this process continues until the concentration becomes equal. Osmosis: Osmosis is another type of passive transport system which involves the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. In this process no transportation of solute molecule takes place. The solvent moves from a diluted solution towards a concentrated one (Kotyk, 2012). It regulates the osmotic pressure of cell by maintaining the amount of water, and it depends on the concentration of dissolved particles inside and outside the cell. Active Transport: This process involves the movement of molecules across the membrane using chemical energy. It utilises ATP to force the molecules against its concentration gradient that is from lower to higher concentration. In this process, mainly large molecules like protein, large cells, and complex sugars are transported into and out of the cell. Figure: Active Transport Vs Passive Transport across cell membrane (Source: apocketmerlin.tumblr.com, 2016) Phagocytocys: It is a special type of endocytocys that takes up solids such as bacteria or nutrient by a cell. In the human body, it has an important role in the immune system and is mainly performed by white blood cells. Mechanism The mechanism of the above processes with respect to the cell membrane structure has been discussed below: Diffusion is a passive transport system that requires no cellular energy. In the case of lipid soluble particles diffusion occurs directly through the lipid bi-layer, but hydrophilic molecules cannot diffuse through the lipid bi layer. These molecules are diffused through protein channels present in the cell membrane (Figueroa et al., 2013). The protein molecule acts as a carrier, which automatically binds with the substrate and make it pass by exposing the substrate to the other surface of the membrane. This type of diffusion is also known as facilitated diffusion. The diffusion process is affected by size concentration and solubility of the molecules. Figure: Diffusion across cell membrane (Source: Classes.midlandstech.edu, 2016) As cell membrane is semi-permeable, transportation of molecules takes place by osmosis. Three conditions can happen depending on the concentration of any substance inside and outside the cell. If the solution is hypertonic that is higher than the cytoplasm, then water comes out of the cell and shrinkage of the cell occurs (Kotyk, 2012). When the solution has a lower concentration (hypotonic solution), water enters into the cell causing it to swell. If the concentration of the cytoplasm and the solution remains same, then it is called isotonic solution. In this condition, no movement of water occurs. Figure: Osmosis (Source: Instructables.com, 2016) Active transports are of two types: primary and secondary. In the first one, the trans-membrane protein molecules detect the substrates and transport it to the other side of the membrane utilising some chemical energy. In a secondary active transport system, the porous proteins form some channels across the membrane and molecules are forced inside by using electromagnetic gradient which is generated by lowering the concentration gradient of other substance (Kotyk, 2012). In fagocytocys process, first the cell recognizes the foreign matter and then is drawn towards it. Then it attaches its membrane to the bacterium by using a molecule present in it called surface receptor. The cell engulfs the bacterium along with cell membrane surrounding it and encloses it inside. Now the bacterium is digested by the enzymes released inside the cell, and it leaves a harmless residue which is either released out or utilised by the cell. Apart from these, other processes are also involved in exchange through a cell membrane, like endocytocys and exocytocys, which involves taking up and releasing specific substances respectively (Figueroa et al., 2013). Both of these are active transport processes. Effect of Water Potential Water potential is defined as the difference in potential energy between a given water sample and pure water at constant pressure and temperature. This is denoted by Greek letter à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ª. Here, water moves by osmosis from a higher water potential to where it is lower. This movement is affected by two-factor; those are pressure potential and solute concentration (Stein, 2012). With an increment in solute concentration, water potential decreases and with increased pressure exerted on the cell wall, the value of water potential increases proportionally. Depending on this factor the water potential changes and the transportation of water inside the cells occur accordingly. References: apocketmerlin.tumblr.com,. (2016).Exchange Across Plasma Membranes: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport. Retrieved 23 January 2016, from https://apocketmerlin.tumblr.com/post/15019772012/exchange-across-plasma-membranes-diffusion Classes.midlandstech.edu,. (2016).Cells: The Living Units. Retrieved 23 January 2016, from https://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap03/lecture1.htm Figueroa, X.F., Lillo, M.A., Gaete, P.S., Riquelme, M.A. Sez, J.C., (2013). Diffusion of nitric oxide across cell membranes of the vascular wall requires specific connexin-based channels.Neuropharmacology,75, pp.471-478. Instructables.com,. (2016).How to teach osmosis. Retrieved 23 January 2016, from https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-teach-osmosis/ Kotyk, A., (2012).Cell membrane transport: principles and techniques. Springer Science Business Media. Stein, W., (2012).Transport and diffusion across cell membranes. Elsevier.